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Windows 3 CUA 5⁄17⁄90
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1990-05-17
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Apple Confidential / Need to Know
From Michael Mace, Competitive Analysis
Windows 3 to Comply with CUA?
_______
Summary
Chris Espinosa of Apple USA reports that IBM may endorse Windows as compliant
with Common User Access (CUA), IBM's graphical interface standard.
In functional terms, this endorsement would be meaningless (CUA is just a
written specification, and not a very well-structured one at that). But in
marketing terms the endorsement could be more important. The IBM statement
would be interpreted by the press as an endorsement of Windows itself, and many
IBM customers might feel more comfortable buying Windows as a result. We
shouldn't underestimate the emotional attachment that some IBM customers have
to CUA and other IBM standards.
Apparently some members of the press have already latched onto this tidbit, and
you can expect Microsoft to play it up.
Apple can respond on four fronts:
• Gently question the importance of the announcement (CUA is so broadly
drawn that calling something compliant with it is almost meaningless).
• If anyone raises the subject, use it as an opportunity to repeat IBM's
earlier statements criticizing Windows. If IBM changes course regarding
Windows, we should point out that they're jerking their customers around.
• Point out that the CUA announcement is NOT NEWS. Although Microsoft may
be treating it as new information, IBM already said this back in 1989.
• Remind people that although Windows will comply with CUA, it will not
comply with the rest of IBM's interoperation standard, System Applications
Architecture (SAA). We know this because IBM said so (the quote is at the end
of this document). So if a customer is attached enough to IBM standards that
he or she cares about CUA compliance, Apple can raise overall SAA compliance as
a problem. Because Macintosh interconnects with several elements of SAA, Apple
can argue that Macintosh is actually more SAA-compliant than Windows.
Here's some background information on CUA, and more detail on the suggested
Apple response.
____________
What is CUA?
CUA is IBM's standard user interface specification. It is part of SAA (Systems
Applications Architecture), IBM's strategic blueprint which describes how it
will unify its computer lines. When it was first developed, CUA treated
terminals and personal computers equally. They were to receive one standard
interface that would operate on both. But because of the limited computing
power of the terminal, and its lack of a mouse, the CUA specification enshrined
the lowest common denominator between PCs and terminals. It was roundly
criticized for this.
PCs elevated over terminals. A new version of CUA, announced at the same time
as OfficeVision (1988), eliminated this restriction by downgrading the role of
the terminal and giving PCs a central place in IBM's computing strategy.
First, IBM renamed terminals as NPTs (non-programmable terminals). PC became
PWS (programmable workstation). IBM's change was so thorough that the term
personal computer never even appears in IBM's OfficeVision documentation. It
appears to have disappeared completely from IBM's official vocabulary.
Three levels of interface. In order to differentiate the PWS from the NPT, IBM
created three official levels of user interface [(in essence, three different
interfaces). These levels, called Entry, Graphical, and Workplace, are not
completely compatible. Thus IBM in some ways endorsed the permanent division
of its interfaces into several camps. IBM probably had to do this in order to
accommodate its installed base, but the change in rhetoric is a far cry from
its earlier approach, which promised to unify everything. Now, instead of
actually trying to drive all its existing applications toward a single
specification, IBM claims that they are consistent because the specification
has been modified to include them.
This appears to be the approach IBM will take with other products whose
interfaces do not comply with CUA today: move them toward conformity with CUA
where convenient, but also expand the specification to meet the different
interfaces halfway. We expect IBM to add other layers to the CUA specification
as it brings other products into “compliance.”
• The Entry level of the CUA interface is the familiar terminal command-line,
unmodified. It is supposed to appear only on terminals, and is limited to
"data-intensive" applications. We think this means dedicated data-entry, a
situation where IBM customers still use a lot of terminals.
• The Graphical level is the old CUA interface. It can run on both terminals
and PCs, although the emphasis is on PCs. The Graphical level includes
windows, mouse support, menus, and other features currently found in
Presentation Manager. It is slated for use in "decision-intensive"
applications. Apparently this means everything except data entry.
• The Workplace level works only on PCs, and includes an object-oriented
environment built around the metaphor of a business office. Tools like mail
baskets, printers, and shredders are represented as icons on screen. Documents
appear as sheets of paper, and are stored in file cabinets. Actions taken by
the user typically consist of dropping a document icon onto a tool. For
instance, to print a document, the user would drag its icon onto the printer
icon. IBM says the OfficeVision environment will be one implementation of the
Workplace specification.
_______________________
Broken promises in SAA.
Although IBM touts OfficeVision as a fulfillment of SAA, the product also
violates some of the promises IBM made when SAA was announced. IBM said that
Common User Access, the interface specification in SAA, would guarantee
customers the same user interface on its terminals and PCs, regardless of the
application, processor, etc. This is no longer the case, because OfficeVision
does not work the same on terminals as it does on PCs. In addition, IBM’s
other software announced alongside OfficeVision uses other interfaces, some of
them very different from OfficeVision. Instead of simplifying its interface
situation, IBM has actually complicated it further. The Windows announcement
will only add to this confusion.
_______________________
What complies with CUA?
Here are some of the products, all with differing interfaces, that IBM claims
comply with its CUA specification:
1. OS/2 Presentation Manager.
2. OfficeVision (even though it has its own desktop environment). (And note
that there are two levels of interface in OfficeVision, depending on whether
the user is running DOS or OS/2.)
3. Data Interpretation System is IBM's implementation of the Metaphor
information manipulation system. It does not run under Presentation Manager,
and in fact is the spitting image of the Xerox Star interface. Nevertheless,
IBM says "elements" of it already comply with CUA.
4. Executive Decisions/VM is a combined mainframe/PC solution that allows
non-computer literate executives to access host data and make decisions. It
supports the use of a touchscreen, and uses Presentation Manager. However the
interface does not completely conform to CUA, and in fact IBM says it will be
adding a new layer to CUA in order to accommodate it.
If Windows is endorsed, it will be the fifth separate interface that "complies"
with CUA.
Here's what a third party said about the meaning of "compliance" with IBM
standards:
"One of the most glaring SAA gaps is the whole realm of compliance testing.
Currently, IBM is leaving compliance testing solely up to developers. For
guidance, it has provided only a 32-item checklist. The result? All kinds of
vendors are claiming SAA-compatibility, but there's no telling exactly what
this distinction means." --Systems Integration Magazine, April 1990
______________
Apple response
--Apple's approach vs. IBM's. The term "consistent interface" means different
things to Apple and IBM. Apple writes the interface specification first, then
modifies the programs so that they comply with it. IBM writes the programs
first, then modifies the specification to fit the programs. The result is that
Apple's programs are more truly consistent than IBM's.
--IBM's about-face on Windows. IBM has repeatedly tried to pigeonhole Windows
as a limited environment with no strategic role for its customers. An
endorsement of Windows would reverse IBM's position, and anger customers who
had paid extra for OS/2 because IBM told them Windows had no future. Here are
some of IBM's previous statements on Windows:
• From an IBM Press Release, 11/15/89:
- “To reaffirm this [OS/2 as the platform of the 90s], the companies
[Microsoft and IBM] indicated the majority of their application and systems
development resources will be applied to OS/2 solutions. Beginning in the
second half of 1990, IBM and Microsoft plan to make their graphical
applications available first on OS/2.”
- “While Windows will provide the Systems Application Architecture (SAA) us
interface, it is not planned to include the full range of SAA support that OS/2
will provide.”
- “Microsoft stated that Windows is not intended to be used as a server, no
will future releases contain advanced OS/2 features such as distributed
procesing, the 32-bit flat memory model, threads, or long file names. OS/2 is
the recommended operating system environment for new or existing 286/386
systems with 3MB or more of memory.”
- “Software developers, other than those with current Windows projects unde
way, who are targeting both environments, are recommended to start with OS/2.”
• From IBM Personal Systems Developer magazine, Winter 1990:
“Developers of Windows applications should clearly be targeting users who are
not demanding of features and performance. Windows applications in the
business market run the risk of being developed on a platform that does not
allow them to compete in the high end of the market.” Bob Tabke, Dataquest
____________________
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