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- Apple Confidential / Need to Know
- From Michael Mace, Competitive Analysis
-
-
- Windows 3 to Comply with CUA?
-
-
- _______
- Summary
-
- Chris Espinosa of Apple USA reports that IBM may endorse Windows as compliant
- with Common User Access (CUA), IBM's graphical interface standard.
-
- In functional terms, this endorsement would be meaningless (CUA is just a
- written specification, and not a very well-structured one at that). But in
- marketing terms the endorsement could be more important. The IBM statement
- would be interpreted by the press as an endorsement of Windows itself, and many
- IBM customers might feel more comfortable buying Windows as a result. We
- shouldn't underestimate the emotional attachment that some IBM customers have
- to CUA and other IBM standards.
-
- Apparently some members of the press have already latched onto this tidbit, and
- you can expect Microsoft to play it up.
-
- Apple can respond on four fronts:
- • Gently question the importance of the announcement (CUA is so broadly
- drawn that calling something compliant with it is almost meaningless).
- • If anyone raises the subject, use it as an opportunity to repeat IBM's
- earlier statements criticizing Windows. If IBM changes course regarding
- Windows, we should point out that they're jerking their customers around.
- • Point out that the CUA announcement is NOT NEWS. Although Microsoft may
- be treating it as new information, IBM already said this back in 1989.
- • Remind people that although Windows will comply with CUA, it will not
- comply with the rest of IBM's interoperation standard, System Applications
- Architecture (SAA). We know this because IBM said so (the quote is at the end
- of this document). So if a customer is attached enough to IBM standards that
- he or she cares about CUA compliance, Apple can raise overall SAA compliance as
- a problem. Because Macintosh interconnects with several elements of SAA, Apple
- can argue that Macintosh is actually more SAA-compliant than Windows.
-
- Here's some background information on CUA, and more detail on the suggested
- Apple response.
-
-
- ____________
- What is CUA?
-
- CUA is IBM's standard user interface specification. It is part of SAA (Systems
- Applications Architecture), IBM's strategic blueprint which describes how it
- will unify its computer lines. When it was first developed, CUA treated
- terminals and personal computers equally. They were to receive one standard
- interface that would operate on both. But because of the limited computing
- power of the terminal, and its lack of a mouse, the CUA specification enshrined
- the lowest common denominator between PCs and terminals. It was roundly
- criticized for this.
-
- PCs elevated over terminals. A new version of CUA, announced at the same time
- as OfficeVision (1988), eliminated this restriction by downgrading the role of
- the terminal and giving PCs a central place in IBM's computing strategy.
- First, IBM renamed terminals as NPTs (non-programmable terminals). PC became
- PWS (programmable workstation). IBM's change was so thorough that the term
- personal computer never even appears in IBM's OfficeVision documentation. It
- appears to have disappeared completely from IBM's official vocabulary.
-
- Three levels of interface. In order to differentiate the PWS from the NPT, IBM
- created three official levels of user interface [(in essence, three different
- interfaces). These levels, called Entry, Graphical, and Workplace, are not
- completely compatible. Thus IBM in some ways endorsed the permanent division
- of its interfaces into several camps. IBM probably had to do this in order to
- accommodate its installed base, but the change in rhetoric is a far cry from
- its earlier approach, which promised to unify everything. Now, instead of
- actually trying to drive all its existing applications toward a single
- specification, IBM claims that they are consistent because the specification
- has been modified to include them.
-
- This appears to be the approach IBM will take with other products whose
- interfaces do not comply with CUA today: move them toward conformity with CUA
- where convenient, but also expand the specification to meet the different
- interfaces halfway. We expect IBM to add other layers to the CUA specification
- as it brings other products into “compliance.”
-
- • The Entry level of the CUA interface is the familiar terminal command-line,
- unmodified. It is supposed to appear only on terminals, and is limited to
- "data-intensive" applications. We think this means dedicated data-entry, a
- situation where IBM customers still use a lot of terminals.
-
- • The Graphical level is the old CUA interface. It can run on both terminals
- and PCs, although the emphasis is on PCs. The Graphical level includes
- windows, mouse support, menus, and other features currently found in
- Presentation Manager. It is slated for use in "decision-intensive"
- applications. Apparently this means everything except data entry.
-
- • The Workplace level works only on PCs, and includes an object-oriented
- environment built around the metaphor of a business office. Tools like mail
- baskets, printers, and shredders are represented as icons on screen. Documents
- appear as sheets of paper, and are stored in file cabinets. Actions taken by
- the user typically consist of dropping a document icon onto a tool. For
- instance, to print a document, the user would drag its icon onto the printer
- icon. IBM says the OfficeVision environment will be one implementation of the
- Workplace specification.
-
-
- _______________________
- Broken promises in SAA.
-
- Although IBM touts OfficeVision as a fulfillment of SAA, the product also
- violates some of the promises IBM made when SAA was announced. IBM said that
- Common User Access, the interface specification in SAA, would guarantee
- customers the same user interface on its terminals and PCs, regardless of the
- application, processor, etc. This is no longer the case, because OfficeVision
- does not work the same on terminals as it does on PCs. In addition, IBM’s
- other software announced alongside OfficeVision uses other interfaces, some of
- them very different from OfficeVision. Instead of simplifying its interface
- situation, IBM has actually complicated it further. The Windows announcement
- will only add to this confusion.
-
-
- _______________________
- What complies with CUA?
-
- Here are some of the products, all with differing interfaces, that IBM claims
- comply with its CUA specification:
-
- 1. OS/2 Presentation Manager.
-
- 2. OfficeVision (even though it has its own desktop environment). (And note
- that there are two levels of interface in OfficeVision, depending on whether
- the user is running DOS or OS/2.)
-
- 3. Data Interpretation System is IBM's implementation of the Metaphor
- information manipulation system. It does not run under Presentation Manager,
- and in fact is the spitting image of the Xerox Star interface. Nevertheless,
- IBM says "elements" of it already comply with CUA.
-
- 4. Executive Decisions/VM is a combined mainframe/PC solution that allows
- non-computer literate executives to access host data and make decisions. It
- supports the use of a touchscreen, and uses Presentation Manager. However the
- interface does not completely conform to CUA, and in fact IBM says it will be
- adding a new layer to CUA in order to accommodate it.
-
- If Windows is endorsed, it will be the fifth separate interface that "complies"
- with CUA.
-
- Here's what a third party said about the meaning of "compliance" with IBM
- standards:
-
- "One of the most glaring SAA gaps is the whole realm of compliance testing.
- Currently, IBM is leaving compliance testing solely up to developers. For
- guidance, it has provided only a 32-item checklist. The result? All kinds of
- vendors are claiming SAA-compatibility, but there's no telling exactly what
- this distinction means." --Systems Integration Magazine, April 1990
-
-
- ______________
- Apple response
-
- --Apple's approach vs. IBM's. The term "consistent interface" means different
- things to Apple and IBM. Apple writes the interface specification first, then
- modifies the programs so that they comply with it. IBM writes the programs
- first, then modifies the specification to fit the programs. The result is that
- Apple's programs are more truly consistent than IBM's.
-
- --IBM's about-face on Windows. IBM has repeatedly tried to pigeonhole Windows
- as a limited environment with no strategic role for its customers. An
- endorsement of Windows would reverse IBM's position, and anger customers who
- had paid extra for OS/2 because IBM told them Windows had no future. Here are
- some of IBM's previous statements on Windows:
-
-
- • From an IBM Press Release, 11/15/89:
- - “To reaffirm this [OS/2 as the platform of the 90s], the companies
- [Microsoft and IBM] indicated the majority of their application and systems
- development resources will be applied to OS/2 solutions. Beginning in the
- second half of 1990, IBM and Microsoft plan to make their graphical
- applications available first on OS/2.”
-
- - “While Windows will provide the Systems Application Architecture (SAA) us
- interface, it is not planned to include the full range of SAA support that OS/2
- will provide.”
-
- - “Microsoft stated that Windows is not intended to be used as a server, no
- will future releases contain advanced OS/2 features such as distributed
- procesing, the 32-bit flat memory model, threads, or long file names. OS/2 is
- the recommended operating system environment for new or existing 286/386
- systems with 3MB or more of memory.”
-
- - “Software developers, other than those with current Windows projects unde
- way, who are targeting both environments, are recommended to start with OS/2.”
-
-
- • From IBM Personal Systems Developer magazine, Winter 1990:
- “Developers of Windows applications should clearly be targeting users who are
- not demanding of features and performance. Windows applications in the
- business market run the risk of being developed on a platform that does not
- allow them to compete in the high end of the market.” Bob Tabke, Dataquest
-
-
- ____________________
- We welcome your comments. Please link us at COMPETITION.
-
-